Email this article 
ASTM F75 Alloys: A Systematic Review of Microstructural Characteristics and Manufacturing Advances from Conventional to Laser-Based Techniques with Bibliometric Analysis
), Wisam T. Abbood(2), Enas A. Khalid(3), Wassan S. Abd Al-Sahb(4), Nazar Kais Al-Karkhi(5), Oday I. Abdullah(6), Somer Nacy(7), Adawiya J. Haider(8), M. N. Mohammed(9),
(1) University of Baghdad
(2) University of Baghdad
(3) University of Baghdad
(4) University of Baghdad
(5) University of Baghdad
(6) Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
(7) San Diego State University
(8) University of Technology
(9) Gulf University
Corresponding Author
Abstract
This study provides a systematic and bibliometric review of ASTM F75 cobalt–chromium alloys, focusing on microstructure and the shift from conventional to laser-based manufacturing. Using combined analytical methods, it evaluates microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and biocompatibility. Results show that laser-based techniques such as LPBF and DMLS produce finer grain sizes (1–10 µm vs. 50–200 µm), leading to improved hardness (20–40%) and tensile strength (15–30%). Despite challenges like residual stress and process optimization, these methods show strong potential for high-performance and sustainable applications.
Keywords
References
Muñoz, I. A., and Mischler, S. (2011). Effect of the environment on wear ranking and corrosion of biomedical CoCrMo alloys. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 22(3), 437-450.
Hedberg, Y., and Wallinder, O. I. (2014). Metal release and speciation of released chromium from a biomedical CoCrMo alloy into simulated physiologically relevant solutions. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 102(4), 693-699.
Mantrala, K. M., Das, M., Balla, V. K., Rao, C. S., and Rao, V. K. (2014). Laser-deposited CoCrMo alloy: Microstructure, wear, and electrochemical properties. Journal of Materials Research, 29(17), 2021-2027.
Guoqing, Z., Yongqiang, Y., Hui, L., Changhui, S., and Zimian, Z. (2017). Study on the quality and performance of CoCrMo alloy parts manufactured by selective laser melting. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 26(6), 2869-2877.
Bawane, K. K., Srinivasan, D., and Banerjee, D. (2018). Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of direct metal laser-sintered (DMLS) CoCrMo after heat treatment. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 49(9), 3793-3811.
Song, C., Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Wang, D., and Jia-Kuo, Y. (2018). Morphology and properties of CoCrMo parts fabricated by selective laser melting. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 713, 206-213.
Guoqing, Z., Junxin, L., Jin, L., Chengguang, Z., and Zefeng, X. (2018). Simulation analysis and performance study of CoCrMo porous structure manufactured by selective laser melting. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 27(5), 2271-2280.
Bandyopadhyay, A., Shivaram, A., Isik, M., Avila, J. D., Dernell, W. S., and Bose, S. (2019). Additively manufactured calcium phosphate reinforced CoCrMo alloy: Bio-tribological and biocompatibility evaluation for load-bearing implants. Additive manufacturing, 28, 312-324.
Li, J., Ren, H., Liu, C., and Shang, S. (2019). The effect of specific energy density on microstructure and corrosion resistance of CoCrMo alloy fabricated by laser metal deposition. Materials, 12(8), 1321.
Tonelli, L., Fortunato, A., and Ceschini, L. (2020). CoCr alloy processed by selective laser melting (SLM): Effect of laser energy density on microstructure, surface morphology, and hardness. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 52, 106-119.
Santos, C. D., Habibe, A. F., Simba, B. G., Lins, J. F. C., Freitas, B. X. D., and Nunes, C. A. (2020). CoCrMo-base alloys for dental applications obtained by selective laser melting (SLM) and CAD/CAM milling. Materials Research, 23(2), e20190599.
Zhao, F., Guo, T., Li, Q., Yin, Y., Zhang, R., and Nan, X. (2022). Effect of solution aging treatment on microstructure and properties of Fe‐0.5 C‐11Cr corrosion resistant alloy by laser cladding. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 922, 166142.
Li, H., Wang, M., Lou, D., Xia, W., and Fang, X. (2020). Microstructural features of biomedical cobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy from powder bed fusion to aging heat treatment. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 45, 146-156.
Miyake, M., Matsuda, T., Sano, T., Hirose, A., Shiomi, Y., and Sasaki, M. (2020). Microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured CoCrW alloy using laser metal deposition. Welding in the World, 64(8), 1397-1407.
Viderščak, D., Schauperl, Z., Šolić, S., Ćatić, A., Godec, M., Kocijan, A., Paulin, I., and Donik, Č. (2021). Additively manufactured commercial Co-Cr dental alloys: Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties. Materials, 14(23), 7350.
Kosec, T., Leban, M. B., Kurnik, M., and Kopač, I. (2021). Comparison of the corrosion properties of cocrmo dental alloys in artificial saliva. Materials and Technology, 55(6), 819-824.
Wai Cho, H. H., Takaichi, A., Kajima, Y., Htat, H. L., Kittikundecha, N., Hanawa, T., and Wakabayashi, N. (2021). Effect of post-heat treatment cooling conditions on microstructures and fatigue properties of cobalt chromium molybdenum alloy fabricated through selective laser melting. Metals, 11(7), 1005.
Hu, Y., Dong, C., Kong, D., Ding, J., He, X., Ni, X., Zhang, L., and Li, X. (2021). Effects of post-production heat treatment on the mechanical and corrosion behaviour of CoCrMoW alloy manufactured through selective laser melting. Materials Today Communications, 29, 102994.
Saini, J. S., Dowling, L., Trimble, D., and Singh, D. (2021). Mechanical properties of selective laser melted CoCr alloys: A review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(12), 8700-8714.
Sahasrabudhe, H., Traxel, K. D., and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2021). Understanding wear behavior of 3D-printed calcium phosphate-reinforced CoCrMo in biologically relevant media. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 120, 104564.
Mace, A., Khullar, P., Bouknight, C., and Gilbert, J. L. (2022). Corrosion properties of low carbon CoCrMo and additively manufactured CoCr alloys for dental applications. Dental Materials, 38(7), 1184-1193.
Dong, X., Li, N., Yu, J., Qu, Y., Wu, M., Zhou, Y., Shi, H., Peng, H., Zhang, Y., and Yan, J. (2022). Effect of grain boundary character on isothermal phase transformation and mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 903, 163904.
Reimann, L., Brytan, Z., and Jania, G. (2022). Influence of filler metal on electrochemical characteristics of a laser-welded Co-Cr-MoW alloy used in prosthodontics. Materials, 15(16), 5721.
Hu, Y., Yao, J., Ao, M., and Dong, C. (2022). Nanoscale precipitate in PBF-LB-manufactured CoCrMoW alloy and its effect on passive behaviour. Materials Letters, 319, 132295.
Liu, Y., Mace, A., Lee, H., Camargo, M., and Gilbert, J. L. (2022). Single asperity sub-nano to nanoscale wear and tribocorrosion of wrought CoCrMo and additively manufactured CoCrMoW alloys. Tribology International, 174, 107770.
Saini, J. S., Dowling, L., Trimble, D., and Singh, D. (2021). Mechanical properties of selective laser melted CoCr alloys: A review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(12), 8700-8714.
Qin, P., Chen, L. Y., Liu, Y. J., Zhao, C. H., Lu, Y. J., Sun, H., and Zhang, L. C. (2023). Corrosion behavior and mechanism of laser powder bed fusion produced CoCrW in an acidic NaCl solution. Corrosion Science, 213, 110999.
Jiang, W., An, X., Xiao, C., Ni, S., and Song, M. (2023). Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of a face-centered cubic CoCrMoW alloy prepared via laser powder bed fusion. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 963, 171212.
Shang, R., Yang, B., and Li, Y. (2023). Enhanced anti-corrosion performance of co-cr-mo alloy in molten Al by prior oxidation treatment. Materials, 16(23), 7449.
Zhang, Y., Lin, W., Zhai, Z., Wu, Y., Yang, R., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Enhancing the mechanical property of laser powder bed fusion CoCrMo alloy by tailoring the microstructure and phase constituent. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 862, 144449.
Atapour, M., Sanaei, S., Wei, Z., Sheikholeslam, M., Henderson, J. D., Eduok, U., Hosein, Y. K., Holdsworth, D.W., Hedberg, Y. S., and Ghorbani, H. R. (2023). In vitro corrosion and biocompatibility behavior of CoCrMo alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion parallel and perpendicular to the build direction. Electrochimica Acta, 445, 142059.
Al-Aloosi, R. A., Comakli, O., Yazici, M., and Taha, Z. A. (2023). Influence of scanning velocity on a CoCrMoW alloy built via selective laser melting: Microstructure, mechanical, and tribological properties. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 32(15), 6717-6724.
Preda, L., Leau, S. A., Donath, C., Neacsu, E. I., Maxim, M. E., Sătulu, V., Paraschiv, A., and Marcu, M. (2023). Investigation of long-term corrosion of CoCrMoW alloys under simulated physiological conditions. Metals, 13(11), 1881.
Mace, A., and Gilbert, J. L. (2023). Low cycle fretting and fretting corrosion properties of low carbon CoCrMo and additively manufactured CoCrMoW alloys for dental and orthopedic applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 111(9), 1600-1613.
Mohamed, L. Z., Elsayed, A. H., Elkady, O. A., and Abolkassem, S. A. (2023). Physico-mechanical, microstructure, and chemical properties of Si/Ti/Nb additions to CoCrMoW medium entropy alloys. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 24, 9897-9914.
Man, K., Mazumder, S., Dahotre, N. B., and Yang, Y. (2023). Surface nanostructures enhanced biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of laser-additively manufactured CoCrMo alloys. ACS Omega, 8(50), 47658-47666.
Klimek, L., Bułhak, B., and Śmielak, B. (2024). A comparison of the structure and selected mechanical properties of Cr/Co alloys obtained by casting and selective laser melting. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 15(3), 61.
Mani, G., Porter, D., Collins, S., Schatz, T., Ornberg, A., and Shulfer, R. (2024). A review on manufacturing processes of cobalt‐chromium alloy implants and its impact on corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 112(6), e35431.
Pellegrini, A., Lavecchia, F., Guerra, M. G., and Galantucci, L. M. (2024). Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrMo alloys processed by metal binder jetting multi-step technique. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 8(6), 292.
Chen, J., Ding, X., Wang, J., Xie, Z., and Wang, S. (2024). Corrosion behavior, metal ions release and wear resistance of TiN coating deposited on SLM CoCrMo alloy by magnetron sputtering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1002, 175319.
Alaloosi, R. A., Çomakli, O., Yazici, M., and Taha, Z. A. (2024). Effect of scan speed on corrosion and tribocorrosion properties of cobalt-chromium alloy in situ produced by selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 30(3), 405-414.
Sing, S. L., Huang, S., and Yeong, W. Y. (2020). Effect of solution heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion produced cobalt-28chromium-6molybdenum. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 769, 138511.
Vidyasagar, K. C., and Kalyanasundaram, D. (2024). Enhanced corrosion resistance of CoCrMo by laser-based surface modification. Surface Engineering, 40(1), 100-111.
Varol, T., Aksa, H. C., Yıldız, F., Akçay, S. B., Kaya, G., and Beder, M. (2024). Influence of post processing on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of selective laser melted Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys. Tribology International, 192, 109336.
Al-Aloosi, R. A., Taha, Z. A. T., and Çomakli, O. Ç. O. (2024). Influence of scanning velocity on Co24. 7Cr5Mo5. 4W alloy built via selective laser melting on roughness properties. Iraqi Journal of Laser, 23(1), 24-37.
Li, H., Song, B., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhao, W., and Fang, X. (2024). Laser powder bed fusion process optimization of CoCrMo alloy assisted by machine-learning. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 33, 3901-3910.
De La Cruz, L. G., Alvaredo, P., Torralba, J. M., and Campos, M. (2024). Material extrusion: A promising tool for processing CoCrMo alloy with excellent wear resistance for biomedical applications. Materials & Design, 244, 113089.
Ma, L. Y., Sun, F. Y., Li, Y., and Yu, H. (2024). Mechanical property, corrosion behavior and cytocompatibility of CoCrMo for dental application: A comparative study of cast and laser powder bed fusion. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 160, 106788.
Al Jabbari, Y. S., Dimitriadis, K., Sufyan, A., and Zinelis, S. (2024). Microstructural and mechanical characterization of six Co-Cr alloys made by conventional casting and selective laser melting. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 132(3), 646-e1.
Jiang, W., Li, R., He, J., Ni, S., Wang, L., Chen, Z., Huang, Y., Li, C., Yi, J., and Song, M. (2024). Nitrogen-doping assisted local chemical heterogeneity and mechanical properties in CoCrMoW alloys manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. Advanced Powder Materials, 3(5), 10027.
Mazumder, S., Boban, J., and Ahmed, A. (2025). A comprehensive review of recent advancements in 3D-printed Co-Cr-based alloys and their applications. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 9(5), 169.
Aktürk, D., Yildiz, M. T., Yurtkuran, E., and Babacan, N. (2025). Microstructural and fatigue properties of dental structures produced via selective laser melting: Comparing Co-Cr-Mo, Co-Cr-Mo-W and Co-Cr-W alloys. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 31(6), 1280-1290.
Dai, L., Song, C., Fu, H., Chen, H., Yan, Z., Liu, Z., Li, R., Wang, A., Yang, Y., and Yu, J. K. (2025). Recrystallization induced by heat treatment regulates the anisotropic behavior of CoCrMo alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Materials Futures, 4(2), 025001.
Nothnagel, R. M., Vukonic, L., Bauer, C., Váradi, T., Linhardt, P., Franek, F., Nehrer, S., and Ripoll, R. M. (2025). Tribocorrosion performance and cytotoxicity of additive manufactured CoCrMo: A benchmark against wrought CoCrMo. Journal of Bio-and Tribo-Corrosion, 11(1), 2.
Avanzini, A., Petrogalli, C., and Cornacchia, G. (2025). Tribological behavior of a selective laser melted CoCrMo alloy under different heat treatment, loading, and sliding conditions. Tribology Transactions, 68(3), 613-19.
Article Metrics
Abstract View
: 0 times
Download : 0 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bumi Publikasi Nusantara
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
