Multilayer Oxygen-Scavenging Biodegradable Polylactic Acid Films Reinforced with Microcrystalline Cellulose and Butylated Hydroxytoluene: Experimental Study of Structure-Property-Function Relationships Completed with Bibliometric Analysis toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Andi Dirpan(1), Mulyati M. Tahir(2), Serli Hatul Hidayat(3), Abel Yandi Novrain(4), Soumya Majumder(5), Eng Keng Seow(6),


(1) Hasanuddin University
(2) Hasanuddin University
(3) Hasanuddin University
(4) Hasanuddin University
(5) Darjeeling Tea Research and Development Centre
(6) Universiti Teknologi MARA
Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study presents an experimental investigation of multilayer oxygen-scavenging biodegradable polylactic acid films reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derived from nata de coco and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), completed with a bibliometric analysis. Structure-property-function relationships were evaluated through morphology, mechanical performance, oxygen permeability, and biodegradability analyses. fMCC enhances matrix densification and mechanical strength while reducing oxygen permeability, although flexibility decreases. The incorporation of BHT further improves oxygen-scavenging performance. These findings support the development of advanced biodegradable packaging aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Keywords


Biodegradable; Buthylated hydroxytoluene; Microcrystalline cellulose; Polylactic acid; Sustainable.

References


Patel, C. J., Kansagara, R. H., Modi, D. V., Dudhat, N. J., Sojitra, K. H., and Babaria, D. M. (2024). Microbes breaking down plastic: Insights for sustainable waste management. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 23(3), 1717-1722.

Chen, J., Long, Z., Wang, J., Wu, M., Wang, F., Wang, B., and Lv, W. (2017). Preparation and properties of microcrystalline cellulose/hydroxypropyl starch composite films. Cellulose, 24(10), 4449-4459.

Yang, S., Che, R., Chen, J., He, Z., Lai, T., Liang, Y., and Bian, X. (2024). A feasible way to modify microcrystalline cellulose powder and its reinforcing effect for NBR composites. Polymer Composites, 45(5), 4709-4.

Huo, Y., Zhu, H., and He, X. (2022). Study of butylated hydroxytoluene inhibiting the coal oxidation at low temperature: Combining experiments and quantum chemical calculations. ACS Omega, 7(22), 18552-18568.

Gong, S., Li, B., Liu, H., Xu, C., Wang, J., Fan, Y., and Yu, J. (2024). Facile preparation of eco-friendly plastic from rosin modified microcrystalline cellulose for food packaging. Industrial Crops & Products, 221, 119370.

Grzebieniarz, W., Biswas, D., Roy, S., and Jamróz, E. (2023). Advances in biopolymer-based multi-layer film preparations and food packaging applications. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 35, 101033.

Yolanda, D. S., Dirpan, A., Nur, A., Rahman, F., and Djalal, M. (2020). The potential combination of smart and active packaging in one packaging system in improving and maintaining the quality of fish. Canrea Journal: Food Technology, Nutritions, and Culinary, 3(2), 74–86.

Yuliana. (2025). Design and development of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel extract-based freshness indicators for avocado (Persea americana Mill) smart packaging. Respobio Journal: Postharvest Technology and Food Biotechnology, 1(1), 31–41.

Kamaruddin, I., Dirpan, A., and Bastian, F. (2021). The novel trend of bacterial cellulose as biodegradable and oxygen scavenging films for food packaging application: An integrative review. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 807(2), 022066.

Dirpan, A., Djalal, M., and Kamaruddin, I. (2022). Application of an Intelligent sensor and active packaging system based on the bacterial cellulose of Acetobacter xylinum to meat products. Sensors, 22(544), 1–15.

Agustin, N. (2021). Isolasi dan karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal dari buah nanas (Ananas comosus L. Merr.). Farmaka, 19(2), 128-135.

Said, N. S., Olawuyi, I. F., and Lee, W. Y. (2024). Tailoring pectin-PLA bilayer film for optimal properties as a food pouch material. Polymers, 16(5), 1–24.

Hariyanto, A. (2023). Analisis SEM (scanning electron microscope) dan foto mikro pada material komposit serat tangkai jagung dengan matriks plastik polipropilen. AutoMech: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, 3(01), 15–22.

Abdullah, A. H. D., Putri, O. D., Fikriyyah, A. K., Nissa, R. C., and Intadiana, S. (2020). Effect of microcrystalline cellulose on characteristics of cassava starch-based bioplastic. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 59(12), 1250–1258.

Rini, F., Yulneriwarni, and Sukara, E. (2022). Additional nata de coco on the performance of cassava starch based bioplastic. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity, 3(1), 43–51.

Putra, E. P. D., Thamrin, E. S., and Saputra, H. (2019). Effect of dragon fruit skin extract (Hylocereus costaricensis) on bio-plastic physical and mechanical properties of cassava starch and polyvinyl alcohol. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 258(1), 012047.

Brilianti, K. F., Ridlo, A., and Sedjati, S. (2023). Sifat mekanik dan ketebalan bioplastik dari Kappaphycus alvarezii menggunakan variasi konsentrasi amilum dengan pemlastis gliserol. Journal of Marine Research, 12(1), 95–102.

Jiang, W., Shen, P., Yi, J., Li, L., Wu, C., and Gu, J. (2020). Surface modification of nanocrystalline cellulose and its application in natural rubber composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 137(39), 49163.

Tarawneh, M. A. A., Shahdan, D., and Ahmad, S. H. (2013). Investigation on the effect of NiZn ferrite on the mechanical and thermal conductivity of PLA/LNR nanocomposites. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013(1), 306961.

Salfitra, M., and Putra, A. (2023). Effect of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) additives on the quality of cellulose-based biodegradable plastics bacteria-polyethylene glycol (PEG) of coconut water (Cocos nucifera). Electrolyte, 2(02), 65-72.

Simangunsong, D. I., Hutapea, T. H. A., Lee, H. W., and Ahn, J. O. (2018). The effect of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) filler on polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite properties. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 50(4), 578–587.

Sulaeman, B. (2018). Modulus Elastisitas Berbagai Jenis Material. Pena Teknik: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Teknik, 3(2), 127.

Sakti, D. I., Setiyana, B., and Tauviqirrahman, M. (2023). Studi per perbandingan investigasi modulus elastisitas antara metode uji tarik dengan metode indentasi pada material styrene butadiene rubber 25 (SBR-25). Jurnal Teknik Mesin, 11(2), 147-156.

Desramadhani, R., and Kusuma, S. B. W. (2023). The effect of sorbitol concentration on the characteristics of starch-based bioplastics. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 12(2), 130–142.

Huang, C. H., Wu, J. S., Huang, C. C., and Lin, L. S. (2003). Adhesion, permeability, and mechanical properties of multilayered blown films using maleated low-density polyethylene blends as adhesion-promoting layers. Polymer Journal, 35(12), 978-984.

Ren, D., Fang, J., Liu, P., Sun, X., and Zhang, R. H. (2012). Preparation and property characterization of chitosan/microcrystalline cellulose antimicrobial preservative films. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 200, 416-422

Ren, H., Li, S., Gao, M., Xing, X., Tian, Y., Ling, Z., Yang, W., Pan, L., Fan, W., and Zheng, Y. (2023). Preparation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose/polylactic acid biocomposite films and its application in lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) bulbs preservation. Sustainability, 15(18), 13770.

Suklaw, N., and Ratanakamnuan, U. (2022). Mechanical properties and biodegradability of starch-based biocomposite films reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose from rice embryo. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2175(1), 012034.

Srivastava, K. R., Dixit, S., Pal, D. B., Mishra, P. K., and Srivastava, P. (2021). Environmental technology & innovation effect of nanocellulose on mechanical and barrier properties of PVA – Banana pseudostem fiber composite films. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 21, 101312.

Khalil, R. K., El-sayed, N. B., El-sayed, R. H., Sallam, R. M., Abdelnabi, A. Y., Soliman, N. S., Ibrahim, R. A., Ibrahim, M. A., Sharaby, M. R., and Abdelrahim, D. S. (2025). Guar gum-based systems formulated with encapsulated propolis extract for minimally processed fruits and confectionery packaging. Food Hydrocolloids, 169, 111640.

Yuniarto, K., Lastriyanto, A., and Kurniawan, H. (2020). Permeabilitas oksigen kemasan aktif polylactic acid-butylated hydroxytoluene. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 21(2), 136-143.

Jaime, S. B., Alves, R. M., and Bocoli, P. F. (2022). Moisture and oxygen barrier properties of glass, PET and HDPE bottles for pharmaceutical products. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 71, 103330.

Andrés, C. M. C., Pérez de la Lastra, J. M., Juan, C. A., Plou, F. J., and Pérez-Lebeña, E. (2024). Antioxidant metabolism pathways in vitamins, polyphenols, and selenium: Parallels and divergences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(5), 2600.

Fadlelmoula, A., Pinho, D., Carvalho, V. H., Catarino, S. O., and Minas, G. (2022). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyse human blood over the last 20 years: A review towards lab-on-a-chip devices. Micromachines, 13(2), 187.

Nandiyanto, A. B. D. (2026). How to read and interpret FTIR spectra for materials: A master dataset with step-by-step guided peak-correlation analysis, representative examples, and a foundation for future artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis. ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials, 5(2), 323-356.

Ardyansyah, F., and Yuniwati, M. (2021). Pembuatan plastik biodegradable dari pati umbi ganyong menggunakan plasticizer gliserin dan karagenan (variasi perbandingan massa karagenan dan volume gliserin dengan massa pati). Jurnal Inovasi Proses, 6(1), 20-28.

Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Oktiani, R., and Ragadhita, R. (2019). How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1), 97-118.

Iswarin, S. J., Nuriyah, L., and Sriwilujeng, A. I. (2013). Hubungan gugus fungsi plastik biodegradabel metil akrilat dan pati garut terhadap sifat mekaniknya. Natural B, 2(2), 178-183.

Silva, R. R. A., Marques, C. S., Arruda, T. R., Teixeira, S. C., and de Oliveira, T. V. (2023). Biodegradation of polymers: Stages, measurement, standards and prospects. Macromol, 3(2), 371-399.

Nigam, S., Das, A. K., and Patidar, M. K. (2021). Synthesis, characterization and biodegradation of bioplastic films produced from Parthenium hysterophorus by incorporating a plasticizer (PEG600). Environmental Challenges, 5, 100280.

Brunšek, R., Kopitar, D., Schwarz, I., and Marasović, P. (2023). Biodegradation properties of cellulose fibers and PLA biopolymer. Polymers, 15(17), 3532.

Chamas, A., Moon, H., Zheng, J., Qiu, Y., Tabassum, T., Jang, J. H., Abu-Omar, M., Scott, S. L., and Suh, S. (2020). Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 8(9), 3494–3511.

Zenata, R. (2015). Pembuatan dan karakterisasi kadar air dan gugus fungsi plastik biodegradable berbahan dasar pati umbi walur (Amorphophallus paenifolius var. sylvestris). Jurnal Bioproses Komoditas Tropis, 3(2), 47-52.

Nnanguma, K. A. (2026). Assessing the impact of soil erosion on rural livelihoods and food security in support of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ASEAN Journal of Agriculture and Food Engineering Journal, 5(1), 1–10.


Full Text: PDF

Article Metrics

Abstract View : 0 times
PDF Download : 0 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Bumi Publikasi Nusantara

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.