Religiology as a Meta-Theory: Historical, Institutional, and Economic Functions of Religion

Abstract

Religion has increasingly influenced social, institutional, and economic processes amid global crises, ideological fragmentation, and technological transformation. However, traditional religious studies and philosophy of religion often remain insufficient to explain the external socio-economic effects of religion. This conceptual paper proposes religiology as a meta-theoretical framework for analyzing religion as a historical, institutional, and economic force. Using historical analysis, institutional theory, and socio-economic synthesis, the study examines how religions shape social relations, professional institutions, and economic models across macro-, meso-, and micro-levels. Particular attention is given to religion as a form of social technology that regulates behavior, reduces social risks, and contributes to economic sustainability in multireligious societies. The paper argues that religiology provides an integrative analytical tool for understanding the role of religion in economic development, governance, and social stability, especially in periods of systemic crisis and technological change.